SayPro 116931-2-2 SayPro Lesson Internet terms & concepts

We shall now look at some of the popular terms relating to the internet.

1. THE WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW)

The World Wide Web (“WWW” or simply the “Web”) is a global information medium which users can read and write via computers connected to the Internet. The term is often mistakenly used as a synonym for the Internet itself, but the Web is a service that operates over the Internet, just as e-mail also does.

The WWW was built on the technology called Hypertext. This technology increases accessibility to linked documents on the Internet and helps user to navigate between documents very easily. Hypertext is identified by underlined text and a different colour usually. Some places will refer to this types of technique as Jump-Off Points. Hypertext can make links within the same document or to other documents.

 

Each time one access a new document by choosing a link, there is a connection made with the web server that the document is on. Once the appropriate document is retrieved the connection is broken. There is no point in maintaining the link while you are viewing it. This is one reason why the WWW is so efficient.

WWW lets you search, traverse, and use many types of information at numerous sites and in multiple forms. This interface is called a browser. Some people refer to a browser as a ‘web browser’ often these terms are used interchangeably.

 

The WWW is intended to help people share information resources, and services with the widest possible community of users. Thus a user can access the WWW on Apple, UNIX, Macintosh, DOS, Windows, and other operating systems.

 

Just like the Internet, the WWW has a protocol, which is known as HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP). HTTP acts as an interface between a Web Client Software, such Netscape Navigator.

A major advantage of the WWW is that it also supports TCP/IP services, such as Gopher, FTP, and Archie in addition to HTTP.

2. UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR (URL)

Uniform Resource Locator (URL) it is the global address of documents and other resources on the World Wide Web. The first part of the URL is called a protocol identifier and it indicates what protocol to use and the second part is called a resource name and it specifies the IP address or the domain name where the resource is located. The protocol identifier and the resource name are separated by a colon and two forward slashes. The Uniform Resource Locator (URL) was developed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1994 and the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) URI working group.

For example, the two URLs below point to two different files at the domainpcwebopedia.com. The first specifies an executable file that should be fetched using the FTP protocol; the second specifies a Web page that should be fetched using the HTTP protocol:

 

 

A URL is one type of Uniform Resource Identifier (URI); the generic term for all types of names and addresses that refer to objects on the World Wide Web.

The term “Web address” is a synonym for a URL that uses the HTTP / HTTPS protocol.

Every web page on the Internet has its own unique web address. A web address is split into 3 parts:

http://	www.sanscrip.com	/training/compform.htm

1. Protocol: this tells Internet Explorer the type of transmission it is dealing with – httpstands for hypertext transfer protocol. If you open a file from your hard disk, the protocol part with show file:// instead.
2. Domain name: this is the name of the web site where the web page resides – most companies have their own domain name these days.

• Page address: this identifies the actual file that is displayed.

Useful Tip

Every web site has a page that is called the index page. If you omit the page address, the Home page for that particular web site is displayed. If no page address is shown in the Address bar, you are viewing the index page of a web site.

3. HYPERTEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL (HTTP)

Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) is a communications protocol that transfers information on intranets and the World Wide Web to retrieve and publish hypertext pages. The hypertext transfer protocol is in place to send out the message that a particular web browser is looking for the particular web page at the address that follows the HTTP in the address bar of the web browser window. Yet the actual process of HTTP and the request it makes is much more complicated than what any visitor to a website actually sees.

When the HTTP goes out, it is a response or request protocol between a client and a server to access a certain resource, which may be a web page or other graphic stored in the server as files. The client can be a number of things, such as a web browser, a search engine spider, or any other end-user tool, while the server is a storage area for a particular set of HTML files and images. The user agent, as the client is called, uses the hypertext transfer protocol to communicate with the server, which is also called the origin server. Between the user agent and the origin server there may also be many intermediary processes such as proxies, gateways, and tunnels, all of which work together to finish the transfer of information to the end user. The HTTP request sends a URL to the server for a file (a web page, an image, or another type of file) stored there. The URL is then sent back to the end user.

4. INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER (ISP)

ISP refers to a company that provides Internet services, including personal and business access to the Internet. For a monthly fee, the service provider usually provides a software package, username, password and access phone number. Equipped with a modem, a user can then log on to the Internet and browse the World Wide Web and USENET, and send and receive e-mail. For broadband access you typically receive the broadband modem hardware or pay a monthly fee for this equipment that is added to your ISP account billing.

In addition to serving individuals, ISPs also serve large companies, providing a direct connection from the company’s networks to the Internet. ISPs themselves are connected to one another through Network Access Points (NAPs). ISPs may also be called IAPs (Internet Access Providers).

 

5. FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (FTP)

File Transfer Protocol, or FTP, is a protocol used for transferring files from one computer to another – typically from your computer to a web server. FTP is the preferred method of exchanging files because it’s faster than other protocols like HTTP or POP. If you need to exchange large files, you should consider FTP.

FTP data is sent and received through computer port 21 and under the TCP protocol. The transfer is asynchronous, meaning not at the same time and therefore faster than other protocols.

Objectives of FTP are:

• to promote sharing of files (computer programmes and/or data),
• to encourage indirect or implicit (via programmes) use of remote computers,
• to shield a user from variations in file storage systems among hosts, and
• To transfer data reliably and efficiently.

6. HYPERLINK

A hyperlink is a word, phrase, or image that you can click on to jump to a new document or a new section within the current document. Hyperlinks are found in nearly all Web pages, allowing users to click their way from page to page. Text hyperlinks are often blue and underlined, but don’t have to be. When you move the cursor over a hyperlink, whether it is text or an image, the arrow should change to a small hand pointing at the link. When you click it, a new page or place in the current page will open.

Hyperlinks, often referred to as just “links,” are common in Web pages, but can be found in other hypertext documents. These include certain encyclopedias, glossaries, dictionaries, and other references that use hyperlinks. The links act the same way as they do on the Web, allowing the user to jump from page to page. Basically, hyperlinks allow people to browse information at hyperspeed.

Hyperlink

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used to transfer files from one host to another host over a TCP-based network, such as the Internet. It is often used to upload web pages and other documents from a private development machine to a public web-hosting server. FTP is built on a client-server architecture and uses separate control and data connections between the client and the server.[1] FTP users may authenticate themselves using a clear-text sign-in protocol, normally in the form of a username and password, but can connect anonymously if the server is configured to allow it. For secure transmission that hides (encrypts) your username and password, as well as encrypts the content, you can try using a client that uses SSH File Transfer Protocol. The first FTP client applications were interactive command-line tools, implementing standard commands and syntax. Graphical user interfaces have since been developed for many of the popular desktop operating systems in use today,[2][3] including general web design programmes like Microsoft Expression Web, and specialist FTP clients such as CuteFTP.

7. INTERNET CACHE

The Internet Cache Protocol (ICP) is a protocol used for coordinating web caches. Its purpose is to find out the most appropriate location to retrieve a requested object from in the situation where multiple caches are in use at a single site. The goal is to use the caches as efficiently as possible, and to minimize the number of remote requests to the originating server.

. COOKIES

A cookie is information that a Web site puts on your hard disk so that it can remember something about you at a later time. (More technically, it is information for future use that is stored by the server on the client side of a client/server communication.) Typically, a cookie records your preferences when using a particular site. Using the Web’s Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), each request for a Web page is independent of all other requests. For this reason, the Web page server has no memory of what pages it has sent to a user previously or anything about your previous visits. A cookie is a mechanism that allows the server to store its own information about a user on the user’s own computer. You can view the cookies that have been stored on your hard disk (although the content stored in each cookie may not make much sense to you). The location of the cookies depends on the browser. Internet Explorer stores each cookie as a separate file under a Windows subdirectory.

Cookies are commonly used to rotate the banner adverts that a site sends so that it doesn’t keep sending the same adverts as it sends you a succession of requested pages. They can also be used to customise pages for you based on your browser type or other information you may have provided the Web site. Web users must agree to let cookies be saved for them, but, in general, it helps Web sites to serve users better.

 

Activity 2

Match the correct term with its definition.

___1. Web Browser	A. The system of electronically linking words or pictures to other words or pictures
___2. Hypertext	B. The system for transferring web documents over the Internet.
___3. HTTP	C. Also called a Web address.
___4. URL	D. The formatting language used to create web documents.
___5. HTML	E. Software used to surf the web, such as Internet Explorer or Netscape.

 

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