SayPro DESCRIBE THE IMPACT OF SOCIO ECONOMIC FACTORS ON FAMILIES AND FAMILY STRUCTURES

Important changes in the family structure have been caused by assortative mating, which occurs when people with similar backgrounds, education, or earnings marry each. There has been an increase in assortative mating since 1960. Fifty years ago, highly-paid men often married women with less education working as secretaries or receptionists who would then drop out of the labor force to manage the household and care for the children.Today, highly-educated people with high incomes are likely to marry each other, while those with limited education and modest incomes marry individuals similar to themselves. Such changes in marriage patterns widen the income disparities among households. Research data showing that many people at the lower end of the income distribution choose to cohabit rather than marry and note that this relationship pattern is often disadvantageous for children. The image is one of high-income households made up of two doctors, lawyers, or university professors both with high salaries and lower-income households made up of cohabiting adults with high-school educations and children related to only one of the adults.Family structure in the United States has changed dramatically over the past fifty years. It has been noted that the average age of first marriages increased from about 23 to 29 for men and from 21 to 28 for women. In addition, the number of children born to unmarried couples increased, divorce rates rose, and cohabitation increased. These changes differ by socioeconomic status, however. For example, in 1960, there were almost no differences in the marriage rates of those with college degrees and those with high school diplomas. In contrast, in 2010, the percentage of Americans aged 33 to 44 with college degrees who were married was just under 70%, while the percentage of those with high-school diplomas who were married was about 50%. Also, divorce rates among college graduates are much lower than among high school graduates and increases in non-marital births occurred primarily among non-college graduates. Another important change that has taken place over the past five decades has been an increase in the number of women entering the workforce, regardless of whether they are married or whether they have children, as well as decreased opportunities for men, in particular those with lower levels of educationPoverty is principally the problem of non-intact family structures. Compared to married families, six times as many female-headed families are impoverished. There are differences in the financial well-being of always-single mothers and divorced mothers, but poverty and welfare needs are major problems for female-headed households.Fathers who are able to provide economically for their children are more likely to stay invested in their marriages or partner relationships, and are more likely to be engaged with and nurturing of their children — even if they live apart from their children. Conversely, fathers who are unemployed or underemployed are more likely to limit their involvement with their families. This may be due in part to the high societal value placed on fathers as economic providers; some men may feel that if they are not able to provide financially for their family they should not (or cannot) be involved in other ways. Unemployed fathers are less likely to form families or assume responsibility for their children born outside of marriage.Within a marriage, economic hardship can create a stressful and sometimes hostile environment, with men being the primary instigators of angry outbursts.There is some evidence that daily participation in child care is higher among fathers in lower-level white-collar jobs and professional jobs, and lower among self-employed fathers, fathers in blue-collar jobs, and those in middle or high management positions. These findings may be related to work hours and/or the amount of flexibility in work schedules associated with different types of employment.Bleak economic conditions may lead fathers to seek alternative ways to be involved with their children. A study of American Indian families found that fathers saw themselves more as protectors and disciplinarians of their children than as economic providers. This is in contrast with the perspective of the majority culture, which places great value on fathers as economic providers. The beliefs of the American Indian fathers in this study may reflect levels of unemployment in their communities that are so high that men seek out other, positive ways to define themselves as involved fathers.

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