SayPro GIVE EXAMPLES OF THE DIFFERENT AUTHORITY RELATIONS WITHIN DIFFERENT FAMILY STRUCTURES;

Families can be thought of as systems of elements that operate together, producing communication patterns that either facilitate or inhibit members from adapting to the internal crises and external influences.

1. Like all systems, families are characterized by structure, function and evolution.
2. Typical structures define power distribution, methods of decision-making, and interaction patterns.
   1. Power or authority structures indicate who gets to exert the greatest influence on the behavior of other members.
   2. Decision-making structures reflect how family decisions are made, whether by authority, consensus, accommodation, or de facto.
   3. Interaction structures show who talks to whom about what.
   4. Family structures are not static; they typically change as members take on or negotiate different roles, as boundaries shift, and as crises are encountered.

The conceptual model developed proposed that the effects of family type on children’s influence are mediated by various dimensions of family authority relations. These dimensions include parental coalition formation and parent-child authority roles. Results from a survey of parents of teens indicate that family type directly affected the parents’ perceptions of their adolescents’ influence, with influence being greatest in single-parent families and least in step-families. The effects of family type were partially mediated by parental coalition formation and parent-child authority roles. The family authority relations dimensions significantly affected influence as well.Hierarchy in the FamilyIt has been proposed that family type directly affects various aspects of family authority relations. To further elaborate on this relationship, we draw on Nock’s (1988) theory of hierarchy in the family. Hierarchy is concerned with the nature of status relations, or authority roles, in the family. At one extreme, parent-child role relations are characterized by high hierarchy, which is "a structured authority pattern in which children are categorically inferior to adults". In contrast, in lower hierarchy families, there is greater equality in parent-child status relations. And according to Nock, hierarchy varies with different family types. Specifically, it is the family structure that allows certain types of parent-child authority relationships to exist and develop.One characteristic of family type that affects hierarchy is the number of parents present in the household. When two parents are present, the effect is generally that roles are age-graded with parents occupying superior positions and children, inferior positions. Two parents can form an authority coalition, and each can uphold the other’s authority in relation to children. In contrast, when only one parent is present, it is more difficult to uphold clear authority distinctions between parents and children. With no other adult present to reinforce a single parent’s authority, role statuses between parents and children tend to become more equal.The degree of hierarchy is also contingent on the length of time that children are exposed to a specific pattern of role-status socialization. In general, the greater the time that children are exposed to a specific authority role model, the greater is children’s learning of that particular pattern of authority. With hierarchical role models, children learn that authority roles are structured into super-ordinate-subordinate positions. With non-hierarchical role models, children do not learn the super-ordinate-subordinate structure of authority.On the basis of these considerations, family types can be viewed as varying along a continuum of hierarchy. Intact families are conceptualized to be the most hierarchical family form because two adults are present and children have only been exposed to hierarchical role models. Single-parent families are viewed as being the least hierarchical family type because only one adult is present and children have had exposure to less hierarchical role models. Finally, step-family lie between these two extremes: two adults are present, however, children have also had some degree of exposure to less hierarchical role patterns prior to the parent’s remarriage. Their learning of these less hierarchical role relationships is likely to affect the establishment of authority in the step-family.In the family, hierarchy is indicated by various aspects of family status roles and relations. In particular, Nock suggests that the extent of parent’s cooperation and support of each other’s views in relation to children (or parental coalition formation) is reflective of status roles in the family. Also, the extent to which differences in the status of parents and children exist suggests different patterns of parent-child authority (or parent-child authoritarianism). For example, in some families, children may be treated more as equals to parents whereas, in others, children may be viewed as subordinate to parents’ authority. Logically, these dimensions of family authority relations are likely to be affected by family type. Thus, family type is expected to be related to differences in parental coalition formation and parent-child authoritarianism, and these two dimensions of family authority relations are expected to affect children’s influence in family- and child-related purchase decisions. In the next section, we develop hypotheses for these relationships.In the Indian household, lines of hierarchy and authority are clearly drawn, shaping structurally and psychologically complex family relationships. Ideals of conduct are aimed at creating and maintaining family harmony.All family members are socialized to accept the authority of those ranked above them in the hierarchy. In general, elders rank above juniors, and among people of similar age, males outrank females. Daughters of a family command the formal respect of their brothers’ wives, and the mother of a household is in charge of her daughters-in-law. Among adults in a joint family, a newly arrived daughter-in-law has the least authority. Males learn to command others within the household but expect to accept the direction of senior males. Ideally, even a mature adult man living in his father’s household acknowledges his father’s authority on both minor and major matters. Women are especially strongly socialized to accept a position subservient to males, to control their sexual impulses, and to subordinate their personal preferences to the needs of the family and kin group. Reciprocally, those in authority accept responsibility for meeting the needs of others in the family group.There is tremendous emphasis on the unity of the family grouping, especially as differentiated from persons outside the kinship circle. Internally, efforts are made to deemphasize ties between spouses and between parents and their own children in order to enhance a wider sense of harmony within the entire household. Husbands and wives are discouraged from openly displaying affection for one another, and in strictly traditional households, they may not even properly speak to one another in the presence of anyone else, even their own children. Young parents are inhibited by "shame" from ostentatiously dandling their own young children but are encouraged to play with the children of siblings.

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