SayPro Perform fault finding.

3.1 Testing and troubleshootingTesting and troubleshooting are the areas of maintenance that require the greatest technical skill. Testing procedures are referred to as measurements, tests, and checks. The definitions of these terms often overlap, depending on their use and the results obtained. For example, a power measurement and a frequency check constitute a test of the operation of a radio transmitter.Troubleshooting is a term which we in the electronics field use daily. But what does it mean? Troubleshooting is sometimes thought to be the simple repair of a piece of equipment when it fails to function properly. This, however, is only part of the picture. In addition to repair, you, as a troubleshooter, must be able to evaluate equipment performance. You evaluate performance by comparing your knowledge of how the equipment should operate with the way it is actually performing. You must evaluate equipment both before and after repairs are accomplished.Equipment performance data, along with other general information for various electronic equipments, is available to help you in making comparisons. This information is provided in performance standards books for each piece of equipment. It illustrates what a particular waveform should look like at a given test point or what amplitude a voltage should be, and so forth. This data aids you in making intelligent comparisons of current and baseline operating characteristics for the specific equipment assigned to you for maintenance. ("Baseline" refers to the initial operating conditions of the equipment on installation or after overhaul when it is operating according to design.)Remember, maintenance refers to all actions you perform on equipment to retain it in a serviceable condition or to restore it to proper operation. This involves inspecting, testing, servicing, repairing, rebuilding, and so forth. Proper maintenance can be performed only by trained personnel who are thoroughly familiar with the equipment. This familiarity requires a thorough knowledge of the theory of operation of the equipment.A logical and systematic approach to troubleshooting is of the utmost importance in your performance of electronics maintenance. Many hours have been lost because of time-consuming "hit-or-miss" (often referred to as "easter-egging") methods of troubleshooting.FAULT FINDINGMost of the following problems apply to 3-terminal regulator and "power transistor" power supplies. They are the most common and give a number of problems due to the heat developed in some of the components. The first components to check are always the electrolytics. They play a very big part in the operation of any power supply and can even cause complete failure. The give trouble because energy is passing in and out and this creates heat. The heat produces excess pressure and this forces microscopic particles through the seal and they eventually dry out.Simply replace or bridge all of them with equivalent values and see if the output improves. Another common fault is one of the diodes in a bridge breaking down under load. This will produce a lot of hum and the only way to detect it is to measure the temperature with your finger (if the diodes are separate components). A diode that breaks-down under load will measure ok when cold. This is a very difficult to detect if you don’t know what to look for. Simply solder 4 diodes across the bridge and see if the fault is fixed. Another fault is thermal shut-down due to excess input voltage.If the output voltage of the power supply can be varied, the input voltage will have to be 5v higher than the maximum required output voltage.When the output voltage is low, the input voltage will be proportionally very high and the power supply will only be able to deliver a low current before thermal shut-down takes place.

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